No matter if the assessment is formative or summative, the focus needs to center around communication. This type of communication informs the learning process both formally and informally. Where am I as a student in this process? As a teacher, what can I do to help move the student to the next level of understanding? Students can use the information to inform their learning by having a clear picture of what comes next. This format allows the student to see subtopics of larger categories and not a single component in isolation. Dr. Peter Liljedahl reminds us that “in order for someone to navigate, by land or sea, they need two pieces of information-where they are and where they are going.” Notice how these rubrics allow the student to understand not only what they currently know but also where they need to go.